Vocabulary

VOCABULARY 3 PAPER

                                                                                                  

By:

NO	NAME	SRN
1	Eko Mulyono	09340771

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINNING

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF METRO

2011/2012

PREFACE

In learning English as a foreign language, vocabulary plays an important role. It is one element that links the four skills of speaking, listening, reading and writing all together. In order to communicate well in English as a foreign language, students should acquire an adequate number of words and should know how to use them accurately.

Traditionally, vocabulary has not been a particular subject for students to learn, but has been taught within lessons of speaking, listening, reading and writing. During the lesson, students use their own vocabulary and are introduced to new words provided by the teacher and classmates which they apply to classroom activities. For many learners of English, whenever they think of vocabulary, they think of learning a list of new words with meanings in their native language.

Alhamdulillah , praise to Allah who has given me mercies and blessing to finish the assignment of vocabulary.

In this opportunity, I’d like to say thank for my friends that have helped me to finish this assignment, especially to madam Fitri Palupi, S.Pd.,M.Pd. as lecturer of vocabulary 3 has  guidance me to finish it so on.

Finally, I’m conscious this assignment is not perfect. I hope you can give a critical and suggestion. And hopefully this assignment can be useful and help the readers.

                                                                                                                                                     Author

                                                                                                            Agus Salim

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Obligation, need, possibility, and probability
2. Time
3. Number, quantity, degree, and intensity
4. Crime
5. Pleasant and unpleasant feelings

DISCUSSION

A.   Obligation (keharusan/kewajiban)

Must is an instruction or command; that is why we see it on notice, e.g. Dogs must be kept on a lead. Cars must not be parked here. Have got to says that circumstances oblige you to do something. Often, the two meanings overlap and there will be a choice of how to express the obligation, but not always. There are some examples:

1)      I must study hard to prepare the exam. (command to yourself)

2)      I really must buy the dictionary. (instruction to yourself)

3)      I have got to get my hair cut. I’ve got an interview tomorrow. (circumstances)

4)      There’s no bus service, so I have to walk to work. (circumstance)

Here are some words that relate to obligation:

1)      The company is obliged to give a refund if the tour is cancelled.

2)      You will be liable to pay tax if you work. (formal/legalistic)

3)      The bank robbers forced him at gunpoint to open the safe.

4)      We had no choice/alternative but to sell our house; we owed the bank £100,000.

5)      The death sentence is mandatory for drug-smuggling in some countries. (automatic; there is no alternative)

6)      Was sport compulsory/obligatory at your school? No, it was optional at mine. (optional: you can choose)

7)      I am exempt from tax as I’m a student. (free from obligation)

The negative of must and have (got) to are formed with need and have to, when we mean something is not necessary/not obligatory. Example: You don’t need to/don’t have to/needn’t wash up; we’ve got a dishwasher.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Here are some words relate to obligation:

1)      You are under no obligation to buy anything. (don’t have obligation)

2)      She did not feel under any obligation to tell him the truth. (obligate)

3)      I don’t want people coming to see me out of a sense of obligation. (a feeling about the important of duty)

4)      We will send you an estimate for the work without obligation. (you do not have to accept it)

5)      He comes here to meet his obligation as the member. (to fill the obligation)

6)      My uncle borrows some money to discharge his obligation. (to fill the obligation/debt)

7)      All of the people must support compulsory education program. (wajib belajar)

8)      I was forced to take a taxi because the last bus had left. (must)

9)      She was given exemption from the final examination. (official permission not to do something or pay something that you would normally have to do or pay/dispensasi)

Here are the synonyms of those words:

1)      Force: compel

2)      Obligation: commitment

3)      Liable: prone

B.     Need (perlu)

Example:

1)      The grass needs cutting (badly). (or ‘wants cutting’-informal)

2)      This plant is in need of water. (more formal than ‘needs/wants’)

Here are some words that relate to need:

1)         The miners died through a lack of oxygen. (there was none)

2)         There is a shortage of doctors. (there are not enough)

3)         There’s a need for more discussion on the matter. (we feel a need)

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Here are some additional vocabularies of “need”

1)      There’s always food in the freezer if need be. (if necessary)

It’s needful for them to buy some food soon. (necessary)

2)      They badly needed a change. (really necessary)

3)         I need hardly tell you that the work is dangerous. (you must already know)

4)         It’s needless for us. (not necessary)

C.   Scale of probability: ‘cannot happen’ to ‘has to happen’

Impossible → unlikely → possible → probable → certain → inevitable

Note: I’ve been given an opportunity to go to Bonn. (a real chance) but, Is there any chance/possibility you’ll be free next week? (chance is less formal than possibility)

Collocations with “possibility/probability” (additional information)

1)      Highly probable

2)      Quite probable

3)      Most probable

4)      Very likely    

EXAMPLE:

1)      It’s impossible for me to get much money this week. (Saya tidak mungkin mendapatkan banyak uang minggu ini.)

2)      Mastering Japanese in a short time is unlikely. (Tidak mungkin menguasai bahasa Jepang dalam waktu yang singkat.)

3)       Is it possible for us to buy a new car next month? (Mungkinkah kita membeli mobil baru bulan depan?)

4)                He will probable arrive at 7 a.m. (Ia mungkin akan tiba pukul tujuh pagi.)

5)  She is certain to leave this town tomorrow. (Ia pasti meninggalkan kota ini besok.)

 6) It is inevitable event that make me sad. (Itu adalah kejadian yang tak dapat    dielakkan yang membuat saya bersedih.)

TIME

A.    Periods of Time – Words and Typical Contexts

Ø  Period            : Lengt of time.

Ø  Era     : Period in history marked by an important event.

Ø  Spell   : Period spent in certain activity.

Ø  Time   : (the passing of) all the day, years, etc of the past, present, and future.

Ø  Age    : The length of time we lived or existed.

Major historical/geological periods:

Ø  The Ice Age              

Ø  The Stone Age          

Ø  The Middle Ages      

Ø The Age of the computer  

 Example of words of time in typical context:

Ø  After the war, a new era of peace began. (long period, perhaps several decades)

Ø  The doctor said I needed a period of rest and relaxion, so I’m taking three months’ unpaid leave. ( very general word)

Ø  A spell of hot weather. He’s had a couple of spells in hospital in the last two or three years (indefinite but short)

Ø  During the 1950s I lived in Cork for time. ( vague, indenfinite)

Ø  Do you want to borrow this book for a while? (indefinite but not too long)

B.     Useful phrases with time

The doctor says you should                           one at a time, please! I can’t

Say in bed for the time                                              serve you all together.

Being. ( not specific)             TIME

He can get a bit bad-                                     we got there just in the time for

Tempered at times.                                        Dinner.

By the time we get  home                             I expected you to be late, the

This pizza will be cold!                                              Trains are never on  time.

                                   I’v told you time and time again

                                   Not to ring me at the office!

C.    Verbs associated with time passing

1980→1990 ten years have passed/elapsed since I last heard from her.

Elapse in more formal and is normally used  in the perfect without adverbs. Pass can be used in any tense and with adverbs.

Don’t worry. The time will pass quickly. Time passes very slowly when you’re lonely.

London →singapure              it takes 12 hours to fly to singapure.

Ø  The battecries in this radio usuallly last about three or fourt months.

Ø  The vidiotape lasts/runs for three hours.

Ø  The meeting went on for two hours.

(sgguests longer than expected or desired)

Note also: talk your time, you dont need to hurry.

D.    Adjective describing duration ( how long something lasts)

Ø  He’s temporary lecture; the permanent one’s on leave.

Ø  Could we make a provisional booking now and confirm it later?

Ø  Venice has a timeless beuty.

Ø  Christians believe in eternal life after death.

E. Some Other Vocabulary

Ø  Period of time:  an amount of time. 

Ø   Test period, trial period - a period of time during which someone or something is tested.

Ø  Time frame - a time period during which something occurs or is expected to occur; "an agreement can be reached in a reasonably short time frame"

Ø  Hours - an indefinite period of time; "they talked for hours"

Ø  Downtime - a period of time when something (as a machine or factory) is not operating (especially as a result of malfunctions)

Ø   Uptime - a period of time when something (as a machine or factory) is functioning and available for use

Ø  Work time - a time period when you are required to work

Ø   Time off - a time period when you are not required to work; "he requested time off to attend his grandmother's funeral"

Ø  Bout - a period of illness; "a bout of fever"; "a bout of depression"

Ø  Hospitalization - a period of time when you are confined to a hospital; "now they try to shorten the patient's hospitalization"

Ø  Travel time - a period of time spent traveling; "workers were not paid for their travel time between home and factory"

Ø  Times - a more or less definite period of time now or previously present; "it was a sign of the times"

Ø   Time - an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities); "he waited a long time"; "the time of year for planting"; "he was a great actor in his time"

Ø   Elapsed time - the time that elapses while some event is occurring

Ø  Duration, continuance - the period of time during which something continues

Ø  Calendar week, week - a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday

Ø   Midweek - the middle of a week

Ø  Field day - a time of unusual pleasure and success  

Ø  Life-time, lifespan, lifetime, life - the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death); "the battery had a short life"; "he lived a long and happy life"

Ø  Millennium, millenary - a span of 1000 years

Ø  Bimillenary, bimillennium - a span of 2000 years

Ø  Occupation - the period of time during which a place or position or nation is occupied; "during the German occupation of Paris"

Ø  Past - a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret); "reporters dug into the candidate's past"

Ø   Shelf life - the length of time a packaged food or drug will last without deteriorating

Ø  Puerperium - time period following childbirth when the mother's uterus shrinks and the other functional and anatomic changes of pregnancy are resolved; "a perinatologist cared for her during the puerperium"

Ø  Lactation - the period following birth during which milk is secreted; "lactation normally continues until weaning"

Ø  Daylight, daytime, day - the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside; "the dawn turned night into day"; "it is easier to make the repairs in the daytime"

Ø  Forenoon, morn, morning, morning time - the time period between dawn and noon; "I spent the morning running errands"

Ø  Night, nighttime, dark - the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

Ø  Evening - the early part of night (from dinner until bedtime) spent in a special way; "an evening at the opera"

Ø   Hebdomad, week - any period of seven consecutive days; "it rained for a week"

Ø   Fortnight, two weeks - a period of fourteen consecutive days; "most major tennis tournaments last a fortnight"

Number, Quantity, Degree and Intensity

A.      Numbers and quantity

Number is used for countable nouns, amount for uncountable. The word includes countablenoun such as : glass, pillow, ashtray, bridge, passenger, frezeer, etc. Uncountable noun such as : Gasolin, butter, dust, blood, snow, money, coffe, tea, etc.

Number is different from quantity. Numbers are the product of counting. Quantities are the product of measurement. it is impossible for any quantity to be exact.  in number you can have exactly three house. You can never have exactly three  water. quantity is approximate.

Look at the Example below :

1.      Awanda has 3 best friends

2.      Dita has 10 English books

3.      We have 20 English lectures in Muhammadiyah University

4.      My mother doesn’t have much coffee milk

5.      The student has much time to discuss the materia.

Scale of adjectives useful for expressing number and quantity:

Tiny       small         average    large/ considerablee     huge /vast                   

Ø Add just a tiny amount of  chili pepper or else it may get too hot.

( Tambahkan sejumlah serbuk cabai, rasanya sangat pedas)

Ø A considerable number of people failed to get tickets’ [formal]

( Banyak orang yang gagal mendapatkan tiket )

Ø Vast amounts of money have been wasted on this project

(Sejumlah uang yang sangat  besar telah terbuang  dalam projek ini )

Ø Were there many people at the airport? Oh, about average, I’d say. [fairly informal]

(Apakah ada banyak orang di Airpot? Oh... yach lumayan lah.)

Much/many, a lot, lots, plenty, a good/ great idea!

Example                                                                      Comments

Is there much work to do?                                          Mostly used in questions and            

( adakah banyak pekerjaan yang kamu lakukan)                               

No, not much.                                                             Negatives with uncountable nouns

(Tidak terlalu banyak)                                                

                                                           

There are lots of nice shops in this street.                    Mostly for affirmative; has a rather positive feeling; informal

( Ada banyak toko bagus dijalan sini)                         

Don’t worry, there’s plenty time.                                Most affirmatives, used in positive contexts

( Jangan takut ada banyak waktu)                              

You were making a lot of  noise last night                  used in all structures; neutral, better than lots in negative context.

( kamu banyak membuat keributan tadi malam)         

There’s a great deal of hard work still to do               +  uncountable, more formal

( ada banyak usaha yang harus dilakukan)

Much and many do occur in affirmatives but they sound formal and are probably best   kept for formal written contexts.

           

Much criticism has been leveled at the government’s policy.

(Banyak kritik telah ditujukan pada kebijakan pemerintah)

       Many people are afraid of investing in stocks and shares.

Banyak kritik telah ditujukan pada kebijakan pemerintah.
Banyak orang takut berinvestasi dalam saham dan saham.

I’ve got dozens of nails in my tool-box. Why buy more? [ especially good for countables]

( saya telah memperoleh puluhan paku di kotak peralatan saya).

There’s heaps/ bags/ loads of time yet, slow down!

( Ada tumpukan tas)

 [ countable or uncountable and informal]

There was absolutely tons of food at the party ; far too much.

( Ada banyak sekali makanan dipesta)

 [ especially for good things, not so good for abstract nouns]

There are tons of apples on this tree this year; last year there were hardly any.

( Ada banyak buah apel pada tahun ini,  tahun lalu hampir tidak ada)

Note    :

[ how the verb here is plural because of ‘ apples’  but singular in the example before with ‘food’- number depends on the noun following, not on tons/lots/loads/]

( kata kerja disini plural karena ‘apples’ tapi singular pada contoh sebelumnya with ‘food’ – jumlah tergantung pada kata benda yang mengikuti nya, bukan tons/lots/loads.)

Just a a drop of wine for me , please [ tiny amount of any liquid].

( Hanya setetes anggur untuk saya, silakan [jumlah kecil dari cairan].)

B.     Degree and intensity

Degree refers to the fact that you're talking about more than one measurement: here's one degree of intensity, mild, and here's another degree of intensity, severe.

( mengacu pada fakta bahwa Anda berbicara tentang lebih dari satu pengukuran: inilah satu derajat intensitas, ringan, dan di sini lain tingkat intensita berat ).

Typical collocations of adverbs : a

bit/quite/rather/fairly/very/really/awfully/extremely combine with ‘scale’ adjectives such as tired, worried, weak, hot.

(Typical collocations of adverbs : sedikit / cukup / agak / cukup / sangat / sangat / sangat / sangat menggabungkan dengan 'skala' kata sifat seperti lelah, cemas, lemah, panas.

Example :

1.      Wa are  a bit tired because of the trip.

2.      I’m very worried to solve all of my problems

3.      The situation in the classroom is really hot.

Totally/absolute/completely, utterly combine with ‘limit’ adjectives such as ruined, exhausted, destroyed, wrong.

Sepenuhnya / mutlak / benar-benar, benar-benar menggabungkan dengan kata sifat ‘limit' seperti hancur, kelelahan, hancur, salah.

Example :

1.      My friends destroyed all of our enemy.

2.      They want to destroy our friendship

3.      We felt exhausted because of our schedule yesterday.

Beside that, we often some words which used to show the people’s intensity below are:

1.      Always      : 100 %

2.      Often         : 80%

3.      Sometimes: 50%

4.      Seldom      : 30 %

5.      Rarely        : 20 %

6.      Never         : 0 %

Example

1.      How often do you go to the movie?

2.      I never say good bye to my friends.

3.      We are rarely going home

4.      We sometimes dance together

5.      She always reads a book everyday

Exerises

Please, give the mark which one of this sentences include of  number, quantity, degree, and intensity.

Example :

There are about 60 passengers on the bus. ( Number ).

1.    We don’t have much time to debate here.

2.    Over 50 people came to Sally’s lecture yesterday. We were pleasantly surprised.

3.    We have 120 students most years, and we’ll probably have have about that this years, too.

4.    We always study Vocabulary one a week.

5.    We are very  deligent students.

Answer key :

1.    Quantity

2.    Number

3.    Number

4.Intensitas

5. Degree

CRIME

Have your ever been the victim of a crime?

Have you ever witnessed a crime?

Have you ever committed a crime?

The world of crime has much specialised vocabulary. On this page you will learn the meaning of the verbs, nouns and adjectives which we associate with crime.
This should help you to understand newspaper and TV news reports on crime.

Crime (noun) is any illegal action or activity. For example, killing your boss is a crime (even if he is a terrible person)!

Crime is never used as a verb. We say 'commit a crime'. Commit is the verb that collocates with 'crime': It basically means 'do'.

'He was sent to prison for a crime that he didn't commit.'

A person who commits a crime is a criminal:

'A dangerous criminal escaped from prison.'

Criminal is also used as an adjective:

'There is a lot of criminal activity in this area.'

What’s the difference between rob and steal?

Rob (verb) means take something from a place or person.
'Rob a bank.' Money is taken from the bank, not the whole thing.
'Rob and old man.' Valuable items are taken from him, we do not take him.

Steal (verb) means to take something.

'I stole candy when I was a child.'

'My bag was stolen at the party.'

Steal = present tense / stole = past simple / stolen = past participle

Theft is the noun form for the verb steal.

A thief is the general name we give to someone who steals something.

Types of crime and types of criminal

Arson - the crime of starting a fire in order to damage or destroy something, especially a building.

Arsonist – a person who starts fires to damage or destroy something

Bank robbery (noun) – the crime of stealing money from a bank.

Bank robber – the person who steals from a bank.

Rob – verb

Burglary (noun) – the crime of stealing from a building.

Burglar – a person who steals from a building.

Burgle -verb

Manslaughter (noun) - the crime of killing a person by someone who did not intend to do it or who cannot be responsible for their actions.

Murder (noun) – the crime of killing someone.

Murderer – a person who kills.

Murder – verb

Mugging (noun) – an act of attacking someone and stealing their money.

Mugger – the person who attacks someone to steal their money.

Mug – verb

Shoplifting (noun) – taking something from a shop without paying for it.

Shoplifter – a person who steals from shops.

Shoplift - verb

Smuggling (noun) - the act of taking things or people to or from a place secretly and illegally.

Smuggler – the person who takes things or people to or from a place secretly and illegally.
Smuggle - verb

Pickpocketing (noun) – the act of stealing things out of pockets or bags secretly.
Pickpocket  - a person who steals things out of pockets or bags secretly.

Pickpocket  - verb

The table below gives the names of some other types of crimes together with associated verbs and the name of the persons who commits the crimes.

CRIME	DEFINITION	CRIMINAL	VERB
Murder	Killing someone	Murderer	Murder
Shoplifting	Stealing something from a shop	Shoplifter	Shoplift
Burglary	Stealing from someone’s home	Burglar	Burgle
Smuggling	Taking something illegally into another country	Smuggler	Smuggle
Arson	Setting fire to something in a criminal way	Arsonist	To set fire to
Kidnapping	Taking a person hostage in exchange for money or other favours, etc.	Kidnapper	kidnap

Here are some more useful verbs connected with crime and law. Note that many of them have particular preposition associated with them.

• To commit a crime or an offence: to do something illegal
• To accuse someone of a crime: to say someone is guilty
• To charge someone with (murder): to bring someone to court
• To plead guilty or not guilty: to swear in court that one is guilty or otherwise
• To defend/prosecute someone in court: to argue for or against someone in a trial
• To pass verdict on an accused person: to decide whether they are guilty or not
• To sentence someone to a punishment: what the judge does after a verdict of guilty
• To acquit an accused person of a charge: to decide in court that someone is not guilty (the opposite of to convict someone)
• To fine someone a sum of money: to punish someone by making them pay
• To send someone to prison: to punish someone by putting them in prison
• To release someone from prison/jail: to set someone free after a prison sentence
• To be tried: to have a case judged in court

Here are some useful nouns.                                                            

• Trial: the legal process in court where by an accused person in investigated, or tried, and then found guilty or not guilty
• Case: a crime that is being investigated
• Evidence: information used in a court of law to decide whether the accused is guilty or not
• Proof: evidence that shows conclusively whether something is a fact or not
• Verdict: the decision: guilty or not guilty
• Judge: the person who leads a trial and decides on the sentence
• Jury: group of twelve citizens who decide whether the accused is guilty or not

Others Vocabulary About Crime Vocabulary part of speech Meaning Example sentence arrest verb take into police control My partner arrested the man who set fire to the building. assailant noun person who assaults or attacks Did you see the assailant run away? at large (on the loose) preposition + adjective not caught, running free I'm afraid that the man who robbed the bank is still at large. armed and dangerous adjective is carrying a weapon and has a violent background Do not approach the thief if you see him. He is considered armed and dangerous. back-up noun police that are called in to support or help We're calling for back up now that we know she has a gun. bail noun large amount of money that someone pays as a promise to appear in court Your husband's bail is posted at 20, 000 dollars. baton (night stick) noun heavy stick that police use for controlling crowds or defending themselves No, we don't carry guns. We only have batons. book someone verb register someone as a criminal We're taking your brother down to the station to book him. break into verb enter a residence, car, or business illegally Do you have any idea who would have broken into your car? burglar noun a person who breaks into a home or business and steals items We think the burglar got in through your chimney. cell noun individual room in a jail/prison We'll have to keep you in a cell until someone comes to pay your bail. convict noun a person who is doing (or supposed to be doing) jail time Please be aware that there is a convict on the loose. cop/copper noun police officer (common slang) Did somebody here call the cops? criminal record noun a file that lists all of the crimes a person has committed We don't allow anyone with a criminal record into our country. crime scene noun the place where a crime happened Please stay outside the yellow tape. This is a crime scene. cruiser (squad car) noun police car Please step out of your vehicle and get into the police cruiser. (in) custody noun under police control You will be happy to know that we have taken the kidnapper into custody. DUI/DWI (Driving Under the Influence/Driving while Intoxicated). Driving after drinking too much alcohol Your record says that you have two previous DUIs. detective noun police officer responsible for solving crime The detective is going to ask you a few questions about the man's appearance. do time verb + noun receive punishment for a crime by spending time in jail You won't be required to do any time but you will have to pay a fine. domestic dispute adjective + noun argument/trouble in the home(often leads to violence) We've had a number of calls reporting a domestic dispute in your hotel room. escape verb get away from a holding place If you try to escape we will have to restrain you with handcuffs. felony noun a major crime (e.g. murder) Murder is considered a felony and is punishable by life in prison. fine noun money that a person pays for breaking a law You can get charged a large fine for speeding in a school zone. fingerprints noun marks left by fingers that identify a person We're going to have to check your personal belongings for fingerprints. firearms noun weapons that shoot It is illegal to carry unregistered firearms such as rifles and pistols. gang noun a group of people often associated with crime and drugs Stay away from this area at night as there is a lot of gang activity. guilty adjective responsible for a crime, deserving of punishment You will be considered innocent until you are proven guilty. handcuffs noun metal rings that attach to wrists to keep criminals (or the accused)from escaping We put your boyfriend in handcuffs, because we saw him climbing through your window and thought he was an intruder. innocent adjective not responsible for the crime We'll believe you are innocent when you show us your receipt for the items in the bag. intruder noun a person who enters a home or business illegally Someone called to report an intruder on the third floor. jail (prison) noun a place where criminals are confined The guards will be patrolling the prison all day long. misdemeanor noun a minor crime (punishment is usually a fine or less than one year in jail) Stealing a road sign is considered a misdemeanor,but is punishable by a large fine. noise complaint noun a call to the police to complain of disturbing noise (usually music or a party) Two of your neighbours have made a noise complaint tonight. partner noun another officer that a policeman drives and works with I'm going to get you to tell your story to my partner. patrol (on patrol) verb observe and protect an area We always patrol the downtown core on the weekends. perpetrator noun person who committed the crime The perpetrator is still at large. pickpocket noun a thief who steals from people's pockets in transit or in crowds Beware of pickpockets on the subway. pistol noun a hand held firearm Our local cops carry pistols but rarely use them. pursuit noun the act of searching for We are in pursuit of a man in a green jacket and orange pants. radar noun/adjective radio wave transmission that helps police track cars and map crime scenes According to our radar you were driving well above the speed limit. robbery noun theft; taking something that does not belong to you, often with force We have twenty officers investigating the bank robbery. speeding ticket noun a fine given to a driver who gets caught driving beyond the speed limit Your license shows a clean driving record except for one speeding ticket from five years ago. street crime noun crime such as drugs and prostitution Don't give the beggars any money. You will only be promoting street crime. thief noun somebody who steals We have found the thief who stole your car. walkie-talkie noun hand held radio each partner carries My partner told me your license plate over his walkie-talkie. wanted adjective being searched for by police A man from your hotel is wanted for his involvement in a murder. witness verb to see something happen Three people witnessed the murder but they are afraid to speak. young offender (juvenile delinquent) noun a minor who commits a crime (usually under age of 18) Your punishment will be less severe because you are a young offender.

Other people associated with crime

Victim – a person who a crime happens to.

'The criminal stole the victim's car.'

Witness – a person who saw a crime happen.

'Many witnesses saw the bank robber leaving the bank.'

Reading: wedding and vocabulary match exercise

• The ___ was arrested by police who caught him hiding in his garden.
  Wrong!

criminal
witness
crime
victim

• It looks like he is trying to ___ that umbrella.
• Wrong!

rob
criminal
crime
steal

• The man was ___ as he walked home late at night.
• Wrong!

stolen
steal
robbed
rob

• My watch has been ___.
• Wrong!

stole
steal
stealed
stolen

• She tried to ___ drugs in her suitcase from Toronto to Seattle.
• Wrong!

smuggle
burgle
pickpocket
mug

• The ___ was caught with the CDs in his bag while he was still in the shop.
  Wrong!

smuggler
mugger
pickpocket
shoplifter

• I caught a ___ trying to steal my purse on the crowded bus.
• Wrong!

smuggler
murderer
shoplifter
pickpocket

• The ___ was shot 5 times by the murderer.
• Wrong!

criminal
thief
victim
crime

• Police are trying to catch the ___ who set fire to the school.

Wrong!

arson
arsoner
arsonman
arsonist

• I have never comitted a ___
• Wrong!

criminal
steal
thief
crime

PLEASANT AND UNPLEASANT FEELINGS

pleasant

Something pleasant is nice or enjoyable. Usually, a picnic in the park is considered a pleasant activity.

Pleasant is a word for things that are pleasing: ice cream is considered pleasant by most people. A second meaning refers to a person who is polite or agreeable. People who have good manners, give compliments, smile often are considered more pleasant than someone who screams and curses all the time. This word is often used for weather: clear skies and warm temperatures are signs of pleasant weather. Still, different weather (and other things) will be pleasant to different people.

DEFINITIONS OF: pleasant

1

adj affording pleasure; being in harmony with your taste or likings

“we had a pleasant evening together”

“a pleasant scene”

“pleasant sensations”

pleasant sentence examples

• He started with a very pleasant number played with a slide by his hero charlie patton.
• Pleasant to listen to.
• Pleasant surprise emerged on arriving at the venue.
• Hebrews 12, the other great chapter on this subject, says this: no discipline seems pleasant at the time, but painful.
• Temperature wise, heading out to the english countryside could be a surprisingly pleasant experience.
• Pleasant to handle.
• Pleasant surroundings for your family or business party.
• Brief exposure to citronella immediately distracts dogs but does not cause them distress and even smells pleasant to humans.
• Its fruit is sweet throughout and exceedingly pleasant; doves delight in it and live in the tree, feeding on it.
• Pleasant to walk or cycle in and where traffic does not dominate.
• Pleasant level walk to the beaches.
• Extremely pleasant purpose built offices make the daily grind a pleasure to endure.
• Pleasant to watch.
• Pleasant atmosphere of the hall, adding your own creative energies.
• At around five o'clock the weather was actually quite pleasant.
• Pleasant to hear mr. thorne descant on this matter.
• Pleasant evening at the opening of the new art studios on 27 may 1999.
• The lounge was large and light with plenty of comfortable seating and an exceptionally pleasant atmosphere.
• Pleasant to live in.
• Pleasant outlook to the front across open farmland.

Synonyms:

good-natured

having an easygoing and cheerful disposition

nice

pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance

pleasing

giving pleasure and satisfaction

beautiful

(of weather) highly enjoyable

dulcet

extremely pleasant in a gentle way

enjoyable, gratifying, pleasurable

affording satisfaction or pleasure

grateful

affording comfort or pleasure

idyllic

suggestive of an idyll; charmingly simple and serene

Antonyms:

unpleasant

disagreeable to the senses, to the mind, or feelings

show more antonyms...

adj (of persons) having pleasing manners or behavior

“I didn't enjoy it and probably wasn't a pleasant person to be around”

Synonyms:

nice

unpleasant

disagreeable to the senses, to the mind, or feelings

displeasing

causing displeasure or lacking pleasing qualities

ill-natured

having an irritable and unpleasant disposition

awful, nasty

offensive or even (of persons) malicious

offensive

unpleasant or disgusting especially to the senses

unpalatable

not pleasant or acceptable to the taste or mind

acerb, acerbic, acid, acrid, bitter, blistering, caustic, sulfurous, sulphurous, virulent, vitriolic

harsh or corrosive in tone

beastly, god-awful, hellish

very unpleasant

dour, forbidding, grim

harshly uninviting or formidable in manner or appearance

dreadful

very unpleasant

embarrassing, mortifying

causing to feel shame or chagrin or vexation

harsh, rough

unpleasantly stern

hot

very unpleasant or even dangerous

afflictive, painful, sore

causing misery or pain or distress

rebarbative, repellant, repellent

serving or tending to repel

sharp, sharp-worded, tart

harsh

ungrateful

disagreeable

unhappy

causing discomfort

1.      Happiness and Unhappiness

You feel:

Ecstatic : when you are madly in love or spiritually uplifted for some reasons.

Content(ed) : when you are peaceful and satisfied with what you have. Notice that content is not used before a noun. You can say ‘she is content’ or ‘she is contented’ but only ‘a contented person’.

Cheerful : when life is looking quite bright and positive.

Grateful : when someone has done you a favour.

Delighted : when something has happened that gives you great pleasure. When you heard new of someone’s good fortune, for instance.

Miserable when everything seems wrong in your life.

Discontented : when your life is not giving you satisfaction.

Fed-up / sick and tired : when you have had enough of something disagreeable. You could be fed- up with someone’s rudeness, for instance, or sick and tired of someone’s behavior.

Depressed : when you are miserable over a long period of time. Depression is considered an illness in some severe cases.

Frustrated : when you are unable to do something that you want to do.

Confused / mixed up : when you can not make sense of different conflicting feelings or ideas, mixed up is more colloquial.

2.      Excitement, anger and anxiety

You feel:

Excited : when you are expecting something special to happen, e.g. before a party or before a meeting with someone special.

Inspired : when you are stimulated to creative deeds or words. You might feel inspired after listening to some very powerful music, perhaps, or you might be inspired to action by a friend.

Enthusiastic : when you have very positive feelings about something, e.g. a new project.

Thrilled : when something extremely exciting and pleasing happens-quite a colloquial word. She was thrilled when the film star kissed her.

Cross : when you are angry or bad-tempered. It is often, though not exclusively, used about small children; quite a colloquial word.

Furious / livid / seething : when you are extremely angry, livid and seething are more informal; in a rage/fury are other ways of saying furious or violently angry.

Anxious : when you are afraid and uncertain about the future. I am so anxious about the results of my exams that I can’t sleep.

Nervous : when you are afraid or anxious about something that is about to or may be about to happen. I always feel nervous when I have to go to the dentist. Feeling nervous is a little bit like feeling excited but it is a negative feeling whereas excitement is positive.

Apprehensive : when you are slightly nervous or anxious about something in the future. Worried : when anxious thoughts are constantly going through your head.

Upset : when something unpleasant has happened to disturb you. It often combines feelings of both sadness and anger.     

 

Pleasant' in famous quotation sentence

* Say what you will about the Ten Commandments, you must always come back to the pleasant fact that there are only ten of them. - H.L. Mencken

* Old age, believe me, is a good and pleasant thing. It is true you are gently shouldered off the stage, but then you are given such a comfortable front stall as spectator. - Johann von Goethe

* Indeed the dictum that truth always triumphs over persecution, is one of those pleasant falsehoods which men repeat after one another till they pass into common places, but which all experience refutes. - John Stuart Mill

REFFERENCES

English in Use Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7^th Edition: Oxford University Press

O’dell,Michael et all.1994.English in Use.United kingdom: Cambridge University press.

http://www.oikos.org/batesnumber.htm

www.polseguera.org/advanced_english_grammar/few_little_many.php

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quantity.html

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/grammarlogs2/grammarlogs322.htm

English Vocabulary In Use, Airlangga

http://www.englishclub.com/english-for-work/police-vocabulary.htm http://www.english-at-home.com/vocabulary/english-words-for-crime-and-punishment/